King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Essay -- capital violenc

Gawain and Capital Violence In pretty much every case of sentimental legends, and certainly every story concerning King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, the characters cautiously hold fast to an exacting code known as the chivalric code.. The five primary principles of chivalric code or at the end of the day the noble code are: indicating fortitude and dauntlessness, being straightforward, having honor and being regarded among peers, being benevolent to other people, and being gracious and respectful particularly toward females. Gawain is the very exemplification of these chivalric qualities yet through his experience with the Green knight and the woman he neglects to maintain the code as a result of its inflexibility and severity.. Viciousness is the component that Gawain uses to pick up his capital which is respect and the maintaining of the chivalric code. Despite the fact that savagery leads Gawain to regard and respect toward the finish of the sonnet Gawain brings up the fact that it is so appreh ensive to follow a code that is exacting to the point, that it permits no space for any human missteps and that he was defended in attempting to spare his life over his respect. Sir Gawain satisfies his necessities of the five principles directly from the earliest starting point of the sonnet, as he shows boldness and why he can be viewed as the best knight in the round table. Sir Gawain requests that Arthur permit him to take the test. At the point when the Green Knight first difficulties the knights in Quite a while Court, it is King Arthur who responds to the call from the outset. In any case, Gawain rushes to step in replace King Arthur as he says â€Å"I am the most vulnerable of your warriors and feeblest of mind; loss of my life would be lamented the least† (Gawain 354-355). Gawain doesn't have a favorable opinion of himself and feels that the main explanation he is a knight of Arthur's court is on the grounds that he is Arthur's nephew... ...rtesy toward females are totally tried in the sonnet. Sir Gawain who should encapsulate these standards is tried by the Green knight and the woman and he neglects to maintain the chivalric code. The disappointment leaves Gawain scarred forever yet it additionally mirrors an adjustment in demeanor towards capital savagery and the job that it should play in the knights’ life. Gawain clarifies that there is a breaking point to how steadfast and severe a knight can be the point at which he is following the chivalric code and that the requests of the code are enormous to such an extent that in the long run a knight will neglect to maintain the code. Yet, this inability to maintain the code and not holding fast to capital viciousness doesn't show weakness and is truly simply human mix-ups that are normal and are supported Works Cited Armitage, Simon. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A New Verse Translation. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Print.

Aristotles Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples -- Mac

Aristotle's Tragic Hero in Macbeth   â â Aristotle and Shakespeare lived ages separated, however Aristotle had an incredible effect on Shakespeare's plays. In Shakespeare’s unfortunate play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is reliable with Aristotle's meaning of the deplorable saint.  Aristotle's heartbreaking saint is a man who is described by acceptable and malicious. He is a blend of good qualities and awful attributes. For instance, Macbeth was a fair Thane of Glamis. He was a valiant warrior who had ensured his nation of Scotland well, however he needed to be top dog. His vaulting aspiration made him murder King Duncan which wound up in his fall.  Aristotle's disastrous legend has a terrible defect, or harmatia, that is the reason for the destruction. Macbeth's vaulting aspiration, however it is the thing that carries him to his stature of intensity, it is likewise what drives him to his destruction. Vaulting Ambition is Macbeth's just defect; it handicaps him to accomplish his most extreme objectives and powers him to confront his destiny. Without this aspiration, however, Macbeth could never have had the option to accomplish his capacity as King of Scotland or have had the option to do his underhanded deeds. In these cases, desire helped Macbeth do what h e needed to do. However, subsequently, Macbeth's desire has another face and is the thing that drives him to his lamentable destruction. Had he not been so encompassed with turning out to be King and staying amazing, he would not have kept on murdering honest individuals so as to keep his position. It was a direct result of these killings and his tyrannical disposition that made him be toppled and slaughtered himself.   â â Macbeth, toward the start of the play is by all accounts an exceptionally honorable individual. He is described as being extremely steadfast and fair. He faces in the conflict against ... ...o his heartbreaking demise. Had it not been for Macbeth's fixation on power, he would have had the option to stay incredible, however it is a direct result of his desire that makes him become less amazing and leads him to his ruin.  Works Cited and Consulted:  Brooke, Nicholas, ed.â Macbeth. Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 1990.  Coursen, H.R. Macbeth-A Guide to the Play. London: Greenwood Press.1997.  Elloway, David. Deplorable Ambition in Macbeth Macmillan Education Limited. 1985.  Nostbakken, Faith. Getting Macbeth. USA: Greenwood Press. 1997.  Shakespeare, William.â Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paulâ â Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.â â â  Slethaug, Gordon. Talk Notes for ENGL1007. Internet posting. November 2000. <http://ws.bowiestate.edu/files/1996/0807.html>. Â

Essay Sample Strength and weaknesses

Essay Sample Strength and weaknesses To understand how to become successful, every person should find out what strengths and weaknesses he or she has. I also have a great desire to analyze the strong and weak sides of my personality, in order to get to know how to develop the good sides and get rid of the bad ones. Apart from this, to know this information about yourself is very useful because a lot of the employers ask this question their probable workers. As for me, I think that I have 4 strengths, which are a love to studying, reliability, honesty, and confidence, and 2 weaknesses, which are problems with personal communication and laziness. The first thing that I’m proud of is my love to studying. I know for sure that there is no job that I can’t deal with. It is just necessary to study hard to get to know the theory and to practice a little bit. Apart from this, I have a good memory that helps me to remember all the necessary information. The second feature of my character that I’m proud of is honesty. In the modern world, it is very complicated, to be honest all the time. In addition, the truth isn’t always the right thing. Yet, in most of the situations, I try to be honest with people who are around me. I think that this will help to build good relationships with most of them. The third thing that is good for me is that I’m a reliable person. I always do everything possible to control what I promise. It is good not only in ordinary life but also in professional life. For example, if I have some task to accomplish, I will always do everything that I can to finish it in time. Only some emergency can change this. Therefore, every employer can rely on me in any professional question. It is good for me and, it will good for any company where I will work in the future. The fourth good quality that I have is confidence. However, I mean confidence but not self-confidence. As for me, confidence in the modern world is a very important element, especially when there is a desire to become successful. Thanks to this quality, I will always say an idea that I think is a good one, I will always say when something is wrong, and I won’t be afraid to defend my beliefs and thoughts if I think that they are worth attention. I clearly understand that this can become a problem if to be too confident. For this reason, I always pay attention to details and consider all of the facts. Such approach helps me to act wisely. Apart from strengths, I also have a couple of weaknesses. The first my weakness is a complexity with personal communication. From the early years, I was a very shy child. It was a big problem to get in touch with anyone. Yet, starting from the secondary school I started to work on myself. I forced myself to talk to people, laugh and share my emotions with them. I can’t state that I’m an opened person now, but I know how to deal with this problem if it is necessary. Apart from this, I’m quite a lazy person. I like when I have enough time to relax, to watch some film, or just to sleep. Yet, I’m more reliable than lazy, which means that I know how to organize my time and finish work in the shortest terms. I think that it is great when people understand what they are good at and what they need to change in themselves to become better. I hope that one day, I will be able to say that I’ve got rid of my weaknesses.

The Connection Between Prenatal Alcohol Exposure - 1848 Words

Alcohol is a teratogen, meaning that is it a substance capable of interfering with the development of an embryo or fetus, causing birth defects (Teratogen). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or FASD, is a non-diagnostic umbrella term describing the varying range of effects that can occur as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure. These may include physical, mental, behavioral, and learning disabilities, or a combination of these (Facts). A number of factors are involved in determining the outcome of the child, including the dose and pattern of drinking, the timing of exposure, genetic factors, the nutritional status of the mother, and the use of other toxic substances . Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, or FAS, lies on the extreme end of the†¦show more content†¦The scientific community didn’t recognize the potential harm of prenatal alcohol exposure until 1973, when Dr. David Smith and Dr. Kenneth Jones at the University of Washington in Seattle, published similar findings in t he medical journal Lancet. It was then that the term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was coined (Stratton,1996). Since then, a spectrum of disorders connected to prenatal alcohol exposure has been recognised, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome being the most severe. In 1996, the United States Institue of Medicine published Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. The book created four diagnostic categories for disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. They were: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS), Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) and Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND)(Stratton,1996). The differences between the disorders include the types of defects expressed and whether or not maternal alcohol consumption is confirmed. For example, ARND is characterized by intellectual disabilities and behavior and learning problems in the absence of physical defects. ARBD, on the other hand, lacks apparent neurobehavioral or brain disorders, but physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure are present. (NOFAS) The differing definitions and conditions along the spectrum, unreliable and inconsistent self-reporting of alcohol

The Rise of Essay Topics Health

The Rise of Essay Topics Health How to Choose Essay Topics Health Argument essay writing is a troublesome and overwhelming procedure that may take a couple days. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are ordinarily at no charge. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Though an essay could possibly be written for different purposes a writer should be creative, analytical and needs to be in a position to organize his thoughts in a very clear and crisp way. A writer should learn to compose an essay professionally. The first task that he should start with when writing an article is to collect the materials that are needed to support the subject of the essay. An essay writer should always bear in mind that the essay ought to be well structured, and it ought to be written in a manner that's well structured. The Argument About Essay Topics Health Click the read more to get There is a great deal of heated debate on a lot of health issues not just in United States of america, but also in different sections of the world. The dearth of very good support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. Therefore, students must work very difficult so as to produce a practical solution for virtually any problem. So, both students of medical care program s and students of any other specialty may have a task to compose an essay on health topic. If you get to select your own topic, that's good. You will obviously not have the capability to predict the precise topic that will come up. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Thus, you've got to be quite careful when recommending the ideas. If one comes across a problem they can't solve despite thinking hard about any of this, it has to be considered a chance to learn more regarding the topic. Then you must choose a topic and approach that you will use. You should be attentive when researching your topic, make certain that it goes together with what they expect out of your presentation. In our society today, there are numerous health difficulties. It is a very important aspect in the life of everyone. Some people believe that public health is a the duty of the government while some feel that individuals ought to be accountable for their own wellbeing. Psychological health is extremely necessary with the physical health of someone to be able to be healthy and fit. An argumentative essay is usually called a persuasive. It requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debat ableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you should first think about what it is you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. There are many steps which you should take to be able to compose a fantastic essay. The introduction ought to be convincing and bring out the thesis that you will present in the essay. Hence, you've been provided with the simplest topic for problem solution essays, you can decide on any on of the above mentioned and begin writing your essay right away. Healthcare is among the principal concerns that we live through every other moment. Travel health should be given more importance. A conventional medical insurance plan in which you pick the doctors is the very best. Doctors should be liable for educating their patients about how to enhance their wellness. Teen pregnancy prevention should be raised. Why you ought to take care of your teeth. Health is such a gigantic topi c, it can be difficult to determine what you would like to write about. Health and fitness is the combo of healthful living with healthy way of life. The Downside Risk of Essay Topics Health There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent right now or what's left in the shadows and has to be enlightened at least in your essay. The topics mentioned previously are excellent starting points that may be used to make a great project on health troubles. To locate a good theme is a serious but important job. To begin with, going through the practice of deciding on an amazing topic could be a pleasant experience.

The Imporance of Parental Authority Free Essays

The nature and purpose of parental authority is to direct and instruct towards achieving a good, as many philosophers will agree on. However, there are certain philosophers that differ on the rational use of parental authority. Some will adhere to the notion that parental authority must be bounded to moral law, whereas others believe in the divine nature of parental authority. We will write a custom essay sample on The Imporance of Parental Authority or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, most philosophers will agree that the correct use of parental authority for any family will dictate the success or failure in achieving the truest good for themselves. Both Allan Bloom’s â€Å"The Clean Slate† and Rabbi Normal Lamm’s â€Å"Traditional Jewish Family Values† offer insight to the use, nature, and purpose of parental authority in the family’s achievement of goodness. Rabbi Norman Lamm presents a model for parental authority in the traditional Jewish family. The father of a Jewish family is typically the source of authority for the family, but is not considered the absolute authority. The use of the father’s authority is exercised as the absolute source, meaning there is no democratic debate between each member of the family to come to a decision. As Lamm notes, the degeneration of the contemporary Jewish family stems from authority figures not exercising proper discipline, letting the family slip into this â€Å"liberal posture† (726). The nature and purpose of parental authority is ultimately meant to direct the child to his or her truest good. However, it is false to believe that the father of this idealized family is acting alone in instructing children. The father, as Lamm writes, is â€Å"not only the visible and present focus of authority†¦but he is also a symbol, the representative and refractor of a Higher Authority† (728). There is, in this statement, a direct implication that the father is only the focus to an authority that is greater than himself, and in working with that divine authority will direct the child to his or her good. In order for the family to achieve its fundamental goodness, the father must express his authority in relation with that which is greater than the family itself. The family, therefore, must be grounded and mutually committed to the authority bestowed upon them by parents and divine power. Lamm paints a picture that parental authority is given to parents through the transcendent, and parents must bestow this awareness of authority upon their children as a way to develop them towards achieving good, thus starting a cycle in which these children will pass the same traditions of authority to their children. In conclusion, Lamm explains that achieving fundamental happiness for the family only comes through an awareness of the transcendent and adhering to that in the exercise of parental authority. Allan Bloom, in â€Å"The Clean Slate†, comments on the state of moral education in the past and how it has evolved in the modern day. The use of parental authority is essential to the moral development of adolescents and young adults, according to Bloom. The family is meant to provide, above all else, a deep and enriching moral education, one that promotes and cultivates rational thinking in the service of a moral education. However, the achievement of this moral education draws similarities to the argument of Lamm, in that it is dependent upon a spiritual commitment to ritual and tradition, while upholding and communicating the knowledge of great literary writings. An important distinction here is to note the importance Bloom places upon great books. He notes that the family must read these as they are a pathway to a timeless truth. These great books bestow upon the family something that modern media and culture cannot, a true vision of the order of the whole of things as well as a sense of wisdom of the true nature of things. He writes, â€Å"The family requires a certain authority and wisdom about the ways of the heavens and of men† (57). Every member of the family, as a way to achieve a fundamental goodness, must be well versed in timeless teachings, rituals, and ceremonies. Bloom does point to several issues in our history as a nation that are having a direct impact on the nature and use of parental authority. If parental authority is meant to give children a deepening moral education and bring about goodness, how is it supposed to be that we can still achieve this with many technological distractions and a shift away from writings of revelation and truth? He comments that many parents in modern American families are moving away from the higher and more independent family life of their ancestors that provided a true moral education. Bloom believes that in order to restore what the family has lost, it must start with providing a firm exercise of parental authority through the use of great literature, ritual and traditional, to achieve a sacred unity. The fundamental goodness of a family exists when it is cultivating an environment that presents to the young â€Å"†¦a vision of a moral cosmos and of the rewards and punishment of good and evil†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , otherwise the world remains disenchanted with no fundamental truths. A disenchanted life awaits all that do not participate in the great revelations and epics that point us to the true natural vision of life, according to Bloom. How to cite The Imporance of Parental Authority, Essay examples

Lab Report free essay sample

However, if we add just one more drop of NaOH solution from the buret, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. This slight excess of NaOH is not much beyond the end point. The volume of the base is recorded and used to determine the molarity of the acetic acid solution. Experimental Data Standardization of NaOH solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Mass of KHP| 0. 297 g| 0. 325 g| 0. 309 g| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 0. 00 mL| 0. 50 mL| 7. 70 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 34. 0 mL| 38. 7 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 33. mL| 31. 0 mL| Molarity of NaOH solution| 0. 0454 M| 0. 0475 M| 0. 0488 M| Average molarity of NaOH| 0. 0472 M| Titration of unknown | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 2. 70 mL| 19. 9 mL| 0. 00 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 19. 9 mL| 36. 2 mL| 19. 8 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 17. 2 mL| 16. 3 mL| 19. 8 mL| Molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0780 M| 0. 0769 M| 0. 0935 M| Average molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0828 M| Sample Calculations The following calculations were used for each Trial, but only inputs for Trial 1 will be shown below. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Volume = Final buret reading – Initial buret reading i. Volume of NaOH = Final buret reading of NaOH – Initial buret reading of NaOH ii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL NaOH – 0. 00 mL NaOH iii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL Molarity = Moles/Liters i. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH ii. Molarity of NaOH solution = (0. 2966 g/204. 22 g)/0. 032 L iii. Molarity of NaOH solution = 0. 0454 M Molarity of acetic acid = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid i. Molarity of acetic acid = (0. 0472 M * 0. 0172 L)/ 0. 1 L ii. Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 0780 M Percent Error = Experimenal value-Accepted valueAccepted value*100 i. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 0. 0472 M-0. 05 M0. 05 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 5. 6% i. Percent Error of Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 078 M-0. 080 M0. 080 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molaarity of acetic acid = 2. 5% Discussion The results obtained from the experiment proved to t he principle that using the indictor we can find the end point, which is very close to the equivalence point of an acidic solution. Then using that point we were able to calculate the unknown molarity which was one of the goals of the experiment. The calculations also verify Boyle’s Theory. When we calculated the molarity of the acetic solution, an average value of 0. 078 M was obtained. The true value of the molarity of the acetic acid solution was 0. 08 M. Although it isn’t right on, it is very close to the true value which leads me into discussing the percent error. We found the percent error of the molarity of NaOH to be 5. 6%, and the percent error of the molarity of acetic acid to be 2. 5%, which are both pretty small. The error may have occurred when adding NaOH solution. Occasionally slightly more pressure was put on tilts of the piece on the buret to allow the solution to flow through. This means that more of the solution may have been used than needed. Overall, experiment agrees with the formulated hypothesis. Pre-Lab and Post Lab Questions Pre-Lab 1. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH a. Molarity = (0. 2816 g/204. 22 g)/29. 68 mL Molarity = 4. 64*10-5 M 2. Molarity of acetic acid = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid b. Molarity = ((4. 64*10-5 M)*20. 22 mL)/10. 06 mL Molarity = 9. 34*10-5 M Post Lab 1. A. TD B. TD 2. A graduated cylinder with calibration type TD could be used to deliver a certain amount of a liquid into another container. A graduated cylinder marked TC could be used to contain an accurate volume of a liquid that is to be mixed with another solution, where the experiment is to be done inside of that graduated cylinder. 3. 50g * 1mol /49. 997g = 1 mol 100g * 1mL / 1. 53g = 1L / 15. 3 1mol / (1L / 1. 53) = 1mol* 1. 53 / 1L = 15. 3 mol/L= 15. 3 M Lab report free essay sample The purpose of this lab was to perform and understand the procedures of conducting an ELISA test to determine whether a particular antibody is present in a patient’s blood sample through a virtual simulation. Hypothesis: If I successfully complete this lab, I will then understand how to perform an ELISA test, the purpose an ELISA test, and also how to interpret the results of this test. Materials and Procedures: Materials: Howard Huges medical Institute: Virtual Immunology Lab Human Anatomy Physiology Marieb 9th edition textbook Web access Procedures: Use the hyperlink Virtual Immunology Lab to visit the website where the virtual lab is located Click on the image to the left of the summary to launch the lab Read the diagnosis and background for the lab before you begin Follow the instructions provided throughout the lab BE SURE to pay close attention and follow each step precisely When you have completed the entire lab, copy the data results into the data analysis section of your report Data Analysis: Conclusion: The hypothesis stated was correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After completing this lab I now understand how to perform an ELISA test, the purpose, and also how to interpret the results. An ELISA or Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay test uses components of the immune system and chemicals to detect immune responses in the body (for example, to infectious microbes) and involves an enzyme and antibody or antigen (immunologic molecules). The purpose of an ELISA test is to detect substances that have antigenic properties, primarily proteins, which include hormones, bacterial antigens, and antibodies (MedicineNet, 2005). If done correctly, an ELISA test can confirm whether or not a patient has a particular disease or if there is a possibility that they could develop it. It is very important that a test such as this is performed correctly and repeated a few times just to be sure that the results aren’t a false-positive or false-negative. Notice in the lab results above that the ELISA plate was not washed like it should have been, thus yielding a false-positive indicating that all three patient’s may possibly have SLE. If all steps of the experiment would have been done correctly, then the results would have been as follows: patient A is likely to have SLE, patient C is likely to NOT have SLE, and patient B may have SLE, but further testing needs to be done. ELISA testing is very helpful, but it is not the final confirmation due to a variety of limitations that it has. Further testing and other factors would need to be taken into account before confirming whether or not a patient has a particular disease. Lab report free essay sample A molecular diffusion experiment of acetone-air (redundant w/ last sentence. . concise)was conducted with the goal of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air. For this experiment, acetone was placed in a test tub 3mm OD, 2mm ID . . (is that correct? ) NMR tube? e and was allowed to diffuse into non-diffusing air that was passed over the test tube. The air that passed over the tube was from natural circulation in the room and no air was forced over the top of the test tube. The diffusion occurred over a period of approximately eight hours, with readings taken each hour. After analyzing the data collected from the performance of this experiment, tThe diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 0. 098 + 0. 02 cm2/s at T = ?. After completing our calculations, oOur results were then compared using the Chapman-Enskog equation as well as the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method. The diffusion coefficient calculated by the Chapman-Enskog was 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 990 + 0. 001 cm2/s and the result of the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method was 0. 104 + . 002 cm2/s. The literature value found in Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook was 0. 125 + 0. 00 cm2/s. (at T = ?. . . or extrapolated from? ) The agreement of our method with the other methods available for calculating the diffusion coefficient was very good (how good is â€Å"very† good. .. significant discrepencies or not? ), and also agreed well with the literature value found. This led to a conclusion that this method of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air can be aconsidered a reasonably reliable method. BACKGROUND Molecular diffusion is the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by random molecular movements (Geankoplis 412, year of publication). In the diffusion process, the molecules of interest flow from regions of high concentration to low concentration. Molecular diffusion can occur in both directions with the system. In the case of the diffusion tube experiment, however, acetone diffuses through non-diffusing air, which is passed over the top of the test tube containing the acetone. The air is allowed into the test tube, but does not diffuse into the acetone. Molecular diffusion of gases has been studied for many years. Molecular diffusion is a mass transport process Motivation for its study comes from the fact that chemical separation processes such as distillation, drying, ion exchange systems as well as many other processes depend on molecular diffusion (Kirk-Othmer Vol 8, p 149(check format)). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS For the performance of this experiment, a small test tube was filled approximately a third full of acetoneBe specific. . how small, starting height, diam, etc. This test tube was then vertically placed in a 10mL graduated cylinder which contained small beads. The purpose of the beads was to ensure that the test tube remained vertical. This assembly was then placed on a digital scale. The amount of air movement provided by the ventilation system was assumed to be adequate so as to ensure that the concentration of the acetone at the top of the tube was zero. An initial acetone level in the test tube was taken, as well as the mass of the assembly and the temperature of the area surrounding the assembly. After this initial data was taken, the area temperature and mass of the assembly were taken approximately every hour for the next eight hours. The final level of the acetone in the test tube was taken when the final temperature and mass reading were taken. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS From the data collected from the experiment, the diffusion coefficient was calculated using equation 6. 2-26 from Geankoplis: (Equation 1) As the z value was only recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment, the intermediate values of z had to be calculated. The following equation was used for the calculation of the intermediate z values: (Equation 2) Thus, all values but DAB were known and could be plotted versus time to obtain a linear plot. By rearranging equation 1, it can be seen that the slope of this plot will be equal to 1/ DAB : (Equation 1. 1) The initial plot of data which includes all points is shown below in Figure 1. This plot contains all points and has an R2 value of 0. 9478. From this plot the molecular diffusivity coefficient was determined to be 0. 108 + 0. 022 cm2/s. Figure 1: First plot of data in Equation 1 The second point in the data (t=2700s) showed no diffusion occurred in the first 45 minutes, which seems unlikely (yes, good- sensitivity of balance, etc). If this point is taken as erroneous, the R2 value goes up to 0. 9639 (more important here will be the confidence interval on the slop. . . get that from Tools- Data Analyis-Regression menu in Excel or else in Polymath or TableCureve, etc) and the molecular diffusivity calculates out to be 0. 098 + 0. 021 cm2/s. The plot of the experimental data excluding the second point is presented below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Second plot of data in Equation 1. . forcing through zero point is good. . . looks to me like first FOUR points would give a lower Dab then the last 4. Problems with next 3 that lie below line? Anytihing suspicious happening here? To determine the time it takes for the system to reach steady state, the following equation can be used to calculate the fraction of steady state the system is at: (Equation 3) By plotting the value of ((NA)t/(NA)t=? ) versus time, the curve in Figure 3 was generated which demonstrates the systems approach to steady state. Wow, great! Cite source.  (still wonder about SST conditions of 1st 4 pts though. . . Figure 3: Fraction of steady state versus time From this plot, it could be said that the system achieves steady state in 115 minutes; however, there is strong evidence this may not be accurate. As mentioned earlier, the second point may be erroneous. This would change the path of the curve. In addition, data was not collected at a high enough frequency for this curve to be highly accurate at predicting the time to steady state. If in fact the second point is erroneous, the system could have come to steady state well before 115 minutes. This time of 115 minutes at best, could be the upper bound (or lower bound according to Whitaker’s criteria in his article (handout). . . not sure!! for the time it takes for the system to come to steady state. The scatter in the data can be attributed to various factors in the experiment. The scatter could be attributed to the changes in temperature, as the temperature did fluctuate slightly through the duration of the experiment – Good!. At what time did it stabilize?. The change in temperature would cause a change in the partial pressure of the acetone leading to further deviations. In addition, there was no measure of airflow past the tube. Changes in the airflow could also have contributed to the scatter as it could effect the concentration of the acetone at the top of the test tube (Good! ). The diffusion coefficient was also calculated using the Chapman Enskog equation, (Equation 4) and the Fuller, Schettler and Giddings method. (Equation 5) A literature value was also found for acetone at K(check Perrys), which was corrected to our experimental temperature using the correlation (Equation 6) The values obtained with these methods as well as those from the experimental data are presented in Table 2. Table 1: Values of molecular diffusivity coefficients found. ** ** A very good way to show this graphically in Excel would be to use a bar graph showing the values of Dab as height of a bar by method used, and error bars to easily demonstrate any overlap of uncertainty, discrepancy, etc. Example: The Chapman Enskog method is accurate within 8% and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value has a lower accuracy than the Chapman Enskog (Geankoplis 425). The Chapman Enskog value is less than 1% different than the experimental value and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value only about 6% different. From this analysis, it seems these equations predicted the experimental value very well. These calculated values are about 20% lower than the literature value. This variance may come from the inconsistent temperature in the room or from pressure fluctuations in the room caused perhaps by the starting and stopping of the HVAC systems. For the derivation of Equation 1, several assumptions are made. Beginning with the general equation (Geankoplis 6.  2-14): (Equation 7) One assumption was that because the case examined was a diffusing A (acetone) into non-diffusing B (air), the diffusion flux of air into the acetone (NB) was equal to zero. Another assumption made was that since the total pressure was low, the acetone gas diffusing into air was an ideal gas. This allowed for the term c to be replaced with its ideal gas equivalent, P/RT. Add itionally, the air passing over the test tube was assumed to contain no water vapor. An average air velocity that was uniform was passing over the acetone containing test tube was also assumed. There are non-idealities that exist in the molecular diffusion of acetone into air. Some of these non-idealities are corrected for in the journal from Lee and Wilke. Acetone displays surface tension effects which, instead of having a perfectly horizontal liquid surface, give the liquid acetone a slightly downward curved liquid level. Because of this curvature, the actual diffusion path length that the acetone travels is smaller than what the diffusion length would appear to be based on center liquid level or calculated liquid volume (Lee 2384). Along with a non ideal liquid surface, the air passing over the open end of the tube may cause some turbulence to exist in the top portion of the tube. With its existence, the turbulent area of the tube will cause a length to exist inside the tube where the concentration of acetone is zero. With the presence of this acetone vapor-free region, the diffusion length is again shorter than it would appear to be. To account for the non-idealities in the diffusion process, Lee and Wilke do not use the apparent diffusion path. Instead, they use an effective average diffusion path which they give by: (Equation 8) Where x is the effective average diffusion path, ? xs is the length of the curvature of the non-ideal liquid to account for the surface tension forces, ? xe is the length of the tube where the acetone vapor-free region exists due to turbulence that exists from the passage of the air, and ? x ­ is the sum of ? xs and ? xe (Lee 2384). When this is substituted back into the diffusion equation, it becomes the following: (Equation 9) Where Da is the apparent diffusion coefficient and D is the true diffusion coefficient based on the true diffusion path (Lee 2384). The way our experiment was setup, the driving force for the air across the test tube was natural air flow and did not employ forced air flow. Because of this, the length of the tube where the turbulence existed in the Lee and Wilke journal would most likely not have been present in our experiment. Also, the initial liquid acetone level selected in our experiment was such that the length of the curvature due to the surface tension forces on the acetone would have been negligible when compared to the apparent diffusion length of the tube. The initial height of the liquid in the tube for this experiment was chosen wisely. The reason for this is that with the initial level that was chosen, a sufficiently long diffusion path existed such that the non-idealities that were accounted for in the Lee and Wilke journal entry would have had a very insignificant impact on the results of our experiment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the data collected an analyzed, it has been determined that the experimental procedure used here can determine the molecular diffusivity coefficient with some level of accuracy. For future experiments, some form of air flow regulation should be investigated. Something as simple as a room fan could be placed next to the scale to ensure a more constant air flow. Another increase in accuracy could be achieved by regulating the temperature with more consistency. If the experiment could be performed in a large insulated room, the temperature may not vary as much. Good job on Discussion, Conclusions, etc. . . to improve maybe expand to relate what YOU think are the main ‘uncertaintys’ that caused problems in your particular case and show evidence to support. Lab Report free essay sample LAB REPORT NUMBER TWO DATE: 3/25/2010 inal attachment Lab Experiment number 11 PURPOSE: To learn the Gram stain technique, the reason for the stain, and how to identify the results of the organisms stained. MATERIALS: Bunsen burner, inoculating loop, staining tray, glass slides, bibulous paper, lens paper, oil, and microscope   METHODS: Apply Crystal Violet (Primary stain) for 1 minute. Rinse with D-water Apply Iodine (Mordant) for 1 minute. Rinse with D-water. Apply Alcohol (Decolorize) for 30 seconds. Rinse with D-water. Apply Safarin (Counterstain) for 1 minute. Blot dry with bibulous paper. MICROORGANISMS USED: E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus E. coli (mixture) RESULTS/DATA USED: E. coli cell shape was bacilli (rod) with a diplobaccillus arrangement. The color was pink because it was Gram negative. B. cereus cell shape was bacilli (rod) with a diplobacillus arrangement. The color was purple because it was Gram positive. S. aureus E. coli (mixture) cell shape was cocci (spherical) with a staphylococcus arrangement. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The color was mostly purple with some noticeable pink but the mixture was Gram positive. CONCLUSIONS E. coli is Gram negative, B. ereus is Gram positive, S. aureus E. coli mixture is Gram positive. REVIEW QUESTIONS: Question 1: What are the advantages of differential staining procedures over the simple staining technique? Answer: Simple stains are used to just give color to microbes on slides. Differential stains tell the chemical composition of organisms. Source: http://www. bmb. psu. edu/courses/micro107/notes/staining. htm Question 2: Cite the purpose of each of the following reagents in a differential staining procedure. Answer: a. Primary stain: Passes the color of the stain to all of the cells. b. Counterstain: Used to stain red the cells that have been decolorized (Gram – cells). c. Decolorizing agent: removes the primary stain so that the counterstain can be absorbed. d. Mordant: Increases the cells’ affinity for a stain by binding to the primary stain. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 74   Question 3: Why is it essential that the primary stain and the counterstain be of contrasting colors? Answer: Cell types or their structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of the stain that is retained. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73   Question 4: which is the most crucial step in the performance of the Gram staining procedures? Explain. Answer: Decolorization is the most crucial step of the Gram stain. Over-decolorization will result in lost of the primary stain causing Gram positive organisms to appear Gram negative. Under-decolorization will not completely remove the CV-I (crystal-violet-iodine) complex, causing Gram negative organisms to appear Gram positive. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 74   Question 5: Because of a snowstorm, your regular laboratory session was cancelled and the Gram staining procedure was performed on cultures incubated for a longer period of time. Examination of the stained Bacillus cereus slides revealed a great deal of color variability, ranging from an intense blue to shades of pink. Account for this result. Answer: The organisms lost their ability to retain the primary stain and appear to be gram-variable. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 74 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12 PURPOSE: The purpose of the Acid fast stain is to identify the members of the genus Mycobacterium, which represent bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Mycobacteria has a thick, waxy wall that makes penetration by stains extremely difficult so the acid fast stain is used because once the primary stain sets it cannot be removed with acid alcohol. This stain is a diagnostic value in identifying these organisms. MATERIALS: * Bunsen burner * Hot plate * Inoculating loop * Glass slides * Bibulous paper * Lens paper * Staining tray * Microscope METHODS: 1. Prepared a bacterial smear of M. smegmatic, S. aureus, a mixture of M. smegmatic S. aureus 2. Allowed 3 bacterial slides to air dry then heat fixed over Bunsen burner 8 times. 3. Set up for staining over the beaker on hot plate, flooded smears with primary stain-crystal fuchsin and steamed for 8 minutes. 4. Rinsed slides with water 5. Decolorized slides with acid alcohol until it runs clear with a slight red color. 6. Rinsed with water 7. Counterstained with methylene blue for 2 minutes 8. Rinsed slides with water. 9. Blot dry using bibulous paper and examine under oil immersion MICROORGANISMS USED: * Mycobacterium   smegmatic * S. aureus * A mixture of S. aureus M. smegmatic RESULTS AND DATA USED: 1. M. smegmatic, a bacilli bacteria that colored pink resulting in acid fast. 2. S. aureus, a cocci bacteria that colored blue resulting in non acid fast. 3. M. smegmatic S. aureus resulted in both acid fast non acid fast. CONCLUSION The conclusion to the acid fast stain is that S. aureus lacks a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to be easily removed during decolorization, causing it to pick up the counterstain-methylene blue. This results in a non acid fast reaction, meaning it is not in the genus Mycobacterium. M. smegmatic has a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to set in and not be decolorized; this results in an acid fast reaction meaning it is in the genus Mycobacterium. REVIEW QUESTIONS Question 1: Why must heat or a surface-active agent be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining? Answer: It reduces surface tension between the cell wall of the myobacteria and the stain. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 Question 2: Why is acid-alcohol rather than ethyl alcohol used as a decolorizing agent? Answer: Acid-fast cells will be resistant to decolorization since the primary stain is more soluble in the cellular waxes than in the decolorizing agent. Ethyl alcohol would make the acid fast cells non-resistant to the decolorization. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ page 79 Question 3: What is the specific diagnostic value of this staining procedure? Answer: Acid-fasting staining represents bacteria that is athogenic to humans Question 4: Why is the application of heat or a surface-active agent not required during the application of the counter stain in acid-fast staining? Answer: The counter stain methylene blue is only needed to give the stain its color. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 Questi on 5: A child presents symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, namely a respiratory infection with a productive cough. Microscopic examination of the child’s sputum reveals no acid-fast rods. However, examination of gastric washings reveals the presence of both acid-fast and non-acid fast bacilli. Do you think the child has active tuberculosis? Explain. Answer: Yes, the child may have active tuberculosis. Although, acid-fast microorganisms are not easily removed and non-acid fast are. Tuberulosis represents bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, the stain is of diagnostic value identifying these organisms. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 13 PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to identify the difference between the bacterial spore and vegetative cell forms. The vegetative cells are highly resistant, metabolically inactive cell types. The endospore is released from the degenerating vegetative cell and becomes an independent cell. MATERIALS: * Bunsen burner * hot plate * staining tray * inoculating loop * glass slides * bibulous paper * lens paper * microscope METHODS: 1. The spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton Method) is performed on a microscopic slide by making an individual smear of the bacteria on slide and heat fixing until dry. . Flood the smears with malachite green and place on top of a beaker of warm water on a hot plate, allowing it to steam for 5 minutes. 3. Remove the slide and rinse with water. 4. Add counter stain safranin for 1 minute then rinse again with water and blot dry with bibulous paper. MICROORGANISMS USED: * S. aureus * S. aureus B. cereus mix RESULTS/DATA USED 1. B. cereus- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endospore located in center of cell 2. B. cereus S. aureus- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endospore located in center of cell   CONCLUSION: An endospore is a special type of dormant cell that requires heat to uptake the primary stain. To make endospores readily noticeable, a spore stain can be used. In using a microscope, under oil immersion, you will be able to identify the color of the spores, color of the vegetative cells and be able to locate the endospore in certain bacteria like S. aureus and B. cereus. REVIEW QUESTIONS Question 1: Why is heat necessary in spore staining? Answer: The heat dries the dye into the vegetative cell of the spore. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 Question 2: Explain the function of water in spore staining. Answer: The water removes the excess primary stain, while the spores remain green the water   rinses the vegetative cells that are now colorless. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 3: Assume that during the performance of this exercise you made several errors in your spore-staining procedure. In each of the following cases, indicate how your microscopic observations would differ from those observed when the slides were prepared correctly. Answer: a. ) You used acid-alcohol as the decolorizing agent. The alcohol would wash out all coloring from the bacteria. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 b. ) You used safranin as the primary stain and malachite green as the counterstain. Safranin will absorb to vegetative cells and not endospores since you need heat for   endospores to form and malachite green will not absorb without heat but it will to   vegetative cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 c. You did not apply heat during the application of the primary stain. Without heat, the endospores will not form and it will not penetrate the spore to color   the vegetative cell. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 4: Explain the medical significance of a capsule. Answer: The capsule protects bacteria against the normal phagocytic activities of the host cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 87 Question 5: Explain the function of copper sulfate in this procedure. Answer: It is used as a decolorizing agent rather than water, washes the purple primary stain out of the capsular material without removing the stain bound to the cell wall, the capsule   absorbs the copper sulfate and will appear blue. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 88 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 44A PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to identify the best chemotherapeutic agents used for infectious diseases. S. aureus is the infectious disease used for this experiment. MATERIALS: * Sensi-disc dispensers or forceps * Bunsen burner * sterile cotton swabs * glassware marking pencil millimeter ruler METHODS: Using the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensativity test method is used. This method uses an Antibiotic Sensi-disc dispenser, which placed six different types of antibiotics on an Mueller-Hinton agar plate, infected with S. aureus. The antibiotics are in the form of small, round disc, approximately 5mm in diameter. The anitbiotics are placed eve nly away from each other on the S. aureus infected Mueller-Hinton agar plate and incubated at 37 degrees Celcius for up to 48 hours. After the completed incubation time, any area surrounding the antibiotic disc which shows a clearing or an area of inhibition is then measured. Measurements are taken from the diameter of each antibiotic area of inhibition. This measurement will determine which of the antibiotics is best to be used against the specific organism. (In this case, S. aureus)   MICROORGANISMS USED: S. aureus ANTIBIOTICS USED: Ticarcilin Erythomycin Clindamycin Gentamicin Vancoymycin Lmipenem RESULTS/DATA USED: A chart showing the measurements of each antibiotic is used to determine its effectiveness. The three different types of ranges are: Resistant (Least useful) Intermediate (Medium useful) Susceptible (Most useful) The following results are: Zone Size Ticarcilin 25mm (Susceptible) Erythomycin 20mm (Intermediate) Clindamycin 20mm (Intermediate) Gentamicin 15mm (Susceptible) Vancoymycin 13 mm (Susceptible) Lmipenem 21 mm (Susceptible) CONCLUSION: 4 of the 6 antibiotics above can be effectively used against inhibiting this organism (S. aureus). This information would be passed on to the provider of the infected patient, so the patient can be given the antibiotic chosen by their provider and recover from this infection. LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 46B PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. MATERIALS: The materials used are five Tryticase soy agar plates. METHODS: 24-48 hours Trypticase soy broth cultures of E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus and M. spegmatic. MICROORGANISMS USED: The microorganisms used were E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus and M. spegmatic. RESULTS/DATA USED: The data collected in this experiment shows chlorine bleach having the broadest range of microbial activity because it has the strongest ingredients. Tincture of iodine and hydrogen peroxide seems to have the narrowest range because the contents aren’t as strong. CONCLUSION: The Agar Plate-Sensitivity Method shows the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. The antiseptic exhibited microbicidal activity against each microorganism. REVIEW QUESTIONS: Question 1: Evaluate the effectiveness of a disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40. Answer: A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40 indicates the chemical agent being more effective than the phenol. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 302 Question 2: Can the disinfection period (exposure time) be arbitrarily increased? Explain. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 302 Answer: Yes, the longer the disinfection period the greater the antimicrobial activity. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 302 Question 3: A household cleanser is labeled germicidal. Explain what this means to you. Answer: A household cleaner labeled germicidal means something that would and the killing of germs on a surface. Source: Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page`302 Lab report free essay sample Introduction: Fractional crystallization is one of the experimental techniques used to separate or purify mixture. Fractional crystallization makes use of the differences of solubility to separate the components of a mixture. Goals: Applying fractional crystallization to separate a mixture of salicylic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate into its components. Calculate the percent of salicylic acid and copper sulfate pentahy- drate in the mixture. Procedure: Block/McKelvy/with contributions from Georgia Perimeter Faculty (2012) Laboratory Experiments for Chem 1211L 1212L Cengage Learning (7th ed. ) p. 2324 (Separation of a mixture into its components by fractional crystallization) Data and result: Unknown number9 Mass of unknown + beaker69. 1607 g Mass of beaker66. 6636 g Mass of unknown mixture2. 4971 g Salicylic Acid Crystallization Mass of weighing paper + Salicylic acid1. 7468 g Mass of weighing paper0. 9446 g Mass of Salicylic Acid0. 8022 g Calculation of percent salicylic Acid32. 13 % in original mixture: % salicylic acid = (m Salicylic Acid : m unknown mixture) x 100% = (0. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8022 : 2. 4971) x 100% = 32. 13% CuSO4. 5H2O Crystallization Mass of weighing paper + CuSO4. 5H2O2. 6484 g Mass of weighing paper1. 0127 g Mass of CuSO4. 5H2O1. 6357 g Calculation of percent CuSO4. 5H2O65. 504% in original mixture: % CuSO4. 5H2O = (m CuSO4. 5H2O : m unknown mixture) x 100% = (1. 6357 : 2. 4971) x 100% = 65. 504% Percent of original sample not recovered 100% ( 32. 13% +65. 504%) = 2. 37% Comments concerning appearance and purity: The salicylic acid’s appearance are pure, fine, off-white needles. The copper sulfate pentahydrate ’s appearance first observing are contaminated, white coat outside blue crystals. Prelab question: 1. Explain briefly why CuSO4 is more soluble in water than in an organic (nonpolar) solvent. Why is the reverse true for salicylic acid? As the rule of thumb says â€Å"like dissolve like† : CuSO4 is a polar substance, therefore, it is more soluble in polar solvent (water is a polar solvent) than in nonpolar solvent. Salicylic acid is a nonpolar substance, therefore, it is less soluble in polar solvent (water is a polar solvent) than in nonpolar solvent (such as gasoline). 2. Suggest reasons why the solubility of most solid substances in liquid solvents increases with temperature, whereas the solubility of gases decreases with temperature. As the temperature is increasing: The particles in solid substances, which are normally in fixed positions and close together, become more active and free to move so it increases the chance for particles in liquid solvents to contact to the particles in solid substances. Therefore, the solubility of most solid substances in liquid solvents increases with temperature. The particles in gases, which normally have complete freedom of motion and are far apart, become more disordered and move faster so it decreases the chance for particles in liquid solvents to contact to the particles in gases. Therefore, the solubility of gases decreases with temperature. 3. E. D. Student used 2. 498g of a mixture of copper sulfate pentahydrate and salicylic acid in the performance of this experiment. E. D. recovered 1. 184g of salicylic acid and 1. 367g of copper sulfate pentahydrate. What is wrong with E. D. ’s results? How might this error have been avoided? In E. D. ’s results, the total mass of separate substances he recovered, 2. 551g, is 0. 053g higher than the mass of the original mixture, 2. 498g. His recovered substances may be contaminated. The mass of the copper sulfate pentahydrate he weighed may be including the mass of ethanol. To avoid this error, we should wait for a while for the ethanol to evaporate completely then weigh the copper sulfate pentahydrate again. Discussion: We did experiment to separating the mixture of Salicylic Acid and CuSO4. 5H2O successfully. At the first filtration, we recovered the pure salicylic acid crystal and weighed it easily. At the second filtration, we recovered the contaminated copper sulfate pentahydrate ( observe the white coat outside the blue crystals) so it takes longer time to wait for the ethanol to evaporate then we can weigh the crystals. We calculated the percent of recovered salicylic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate . The percent of original sample not recovered is small. Lab Report free essay sample ?Beginning with science : 06 Matter and Energy Kevin Edwards. Introduction :You will be exploring three scenarios and conducting observations on the physical and chemical changes in matter: The Iced Tea Debate, Salty Soup, and Fire Bug. Objective : To demonstrate the differences between physical and chemical changes while observing the laws of conservation of matter and energy. Procedure : Watch each part of the experimental demonstration and make predictions about what will happen in each scenario. 1. View the three scenarios listed below. You must observe and analyze these as part of the lab. The Iced Tea Debate The Salty Soup The Fire Bug 2 Use the DATA chart provided for recording observation based on three demonstrations you will watch 3 Watch each part of the experimental demonstration and make preditions about wht will happen in each scenario . Record your preditions and observations in the Data an Observations section of your labatory report format. Problem: How can matter and energy be described in avarity of systems? Analysis : Use your data table to identify the physical and chemical changes observed in the demonstrations as follows. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Analysis Use your data table above to identify the physical and chemical changes observed in the demonstrations as follows: 1. Complete Data Chart above filling in Scientific Methods for each demonstration. 2. Use the drop-down menu options to record any physical and/or chemical changes observed. 3. Once you completed the data chart, complete pre-made paragraphs below by writing an analysis that includes details on how the Law of Conservation of Matter and the Law of Conservation of Energy are supported by the experimental demonstrations. Use the following reflection questions to guide you in writing the analysis:  · Was matter or energy lost or destroyed in any of the scenarios?  · Did your predictions match the second portion of the demonstrations?  · What phase changes did you observe?  · What kinds of energy were input and output in each of the scenarios? Paragraph 1 How the Law of Conservation of Matter is supported by the experimental demonstrations: In the law of conservation particles and materials are neither created nor destroyed . It was similar towards the experimental demonstrations because nothing changed or destroyed in the processes . Kinetic and potential energy was used in the experiments. Paragraph 2 How the Law of Conservation of Energy is supported by the experimental demonstrations: Experiments do not consome the energy but conserve by changing them from one form to the other . This allows all energy to remain constant so for each experiment diffrent form occured but never changed the element of the experiment Fourth Scenario Describe a fourth scenario in which either the â€Å"Law of Conservation of Matter† or the â€Å"Law of Conservation of Energy† could be observed. Using as many sentences as needed, describe how an experiment could be set up to further explore your recorded observation. The goal is to show understanding of the concepts in the lesson. I choose law of Conservation of Energy Suppose a Hard mini ball is placed in an automatic air power sealed containerYou will notice that no matter how much you will leave the ball bunching the ball will never stop bouncing. That happens because the ball develops both potential and kinetic energy,the sum of those two give us the mechanical energy which remains constant. Scientific Method The Iced Tea Debate The Salty Soup The Fire Bug Predictions—What do you think will happen? Well the ice tea should freeze and it will have kept its same chemicals I thinkThe soup would have got salty from the Heat extracting the salt from the spices and making it expand from liquid water The more heat took in to the body caused more moisture and bugs to come. The less heat from the further away from the fire. Observations—What did you see happening in each demonstration? Nothing was affected from 0 degrees and 20 degrees They measured the water displaced from soup into the orignal amount It Explained the Heat and inner and outer reasons for bugs and body temperure hot and cold from front or back Conclusion—What was demonstrated here? They froze the ice to see if a change would occur in the orginal compound chemical bonds From the measurements of the orignals they found out the amount of water boiled out from heat the salt stayed in and made the intire soup salty The conservation of energy exerted from 1 person to another in diffrent regions of the area Lab Report free essay sample I hypothesize that a chemical reaction has occurred when there is a change in temperature, color. But also when there are bubbles and the evolution of gas. Materials: The materials that were used were Aluminum wire(12 cm), beaker (100 mL), hot plate, copper(II) nitrate (1. 0 M), glass stirring rod, gloves, HCl (1. 0 M), lab apron , lab marker, NaOH (1. 0 M), ruler, safety goggles, test tube (13 mm x 100mm) and test tube rack. Procedure: Safety goggles, gloves, and lab apron were put on. (Only the ones who were doing the experiment) 50mL of water was placed in the 100mL beaker and heated until boiled. And the boiled water will be used as the water bath. The lab marker was used to make 3 marks (1 cm apart). 1. 0 M copper (II) nitrate was added to the first mark on the test tube. 1. 0 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added up to the second mark on the test tube. The solutions were mixed with the stirring rod. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The test tube was put into the water bath. The burner was turned off and the test tube was cooled. 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added to the third mark on the test tube and was mixed. The 12 cm piece of aluminum was placed in the test tube. The wire was removed from the test tube. Lab station and equipment were cleaned. Observations: I observed that color change occurred and turned blue when Copper (II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide were stirred. Also precipitate was formed. When the test tube was placed in the water bath color change occurred again and turned black. Also there was a temperature change occurred, then the 2 substances on the test tube separated and the leftovers dissolved. When the aluminum wire was placed in the test tube bubbles were produced. Within 5 min. copper atoms formed and were the same color as copper but different shape. Analysis: Some causes of chemical changes are combining chemicals and adding energy. Two ways that energy is involved in chemical change is when you touch the bottom of the beaker to check the temperature. That involves chemical change. Also when we put the aluminum wire; energy was involved to produce the bubbles. Elements that were used or produced were Al, Cu, H2 and the compounds were Cu (NO3)2, NaOH, Cu (OH) 2, CuO, HCl, CuCl2, and AlCl3. Aluminum chloride is in the solution and you can recover it by evaporating the water. The color of solutions of copper compounds is copper color. Soluble: Copper (II) nitrate, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen chloride, copper (II) chloride, aluminum chloride. Insoluble: copper (II) hydroxide, copper (II) oxide, copper metal, aluminum metal. A) sodium nitrate+ copper (II) hydroxide B) copper (II) + water C) copper (II) chloride + water D) copper + aluminum chloride E) hydrogen + aluminum chloride Conclusion: The 4 type of observations that indicate when a chemical change has occurred is formation of a precipitate, color change, formation of a gas, evolution of energy. The type of reactions that I observed in this experiment could be useful in the recycling of copper because copper metal was used in the preparation of the original copper (II) nitrate solution. After several conversions copper metal was again recovered. Advantages: pure metal is obtained from a compound, and the reaction is done in one vessel. Disadvantages: the reaction takes time and may be expensive and the waste products of recovery may cause pollution. Further Questions: 1) If you recover aluminum chloride, would there be a color change? 2) Why did the substances produce copper atoms? 3) How do you know if evolution of energy has occurred?

The Cosmic Engine Research Essay Example

The Cosmic Engine Research Essay Example The Cosmic Engine Research Essay The Cosmic Engine Research Essay Compare the views of Hubble and Friedman about the expansion of the universe: Edwin Hubble’s observation In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that his observations of galaxies outside our own Milky Way showed that they were systematically moving away from us with a speed that was proportional to their distance from us. The more distant the galaxy, the faster it was receding from us. The universe was expanding after all, just as General Relativity originally predicted! Hubble observed that the light from a given galaxy was shifted further toward the red end of the light spectrum the further that galaxy was from our galaxy.The specific form of Hubbles expansion law is important: the speed of recession is proportional to distance. Hubble expressed this idea in an equation distance/time per megaparcec. A megaparcec is a really big distance (3. 26 million light-years). Alexander Friedman’s theory In the early 1920’s Friedman for told a theory were universe begins with a B ig Bang and continues expanding for untold billions of years (that’s the stage we’re in now. ) But after a long enough period of time, the mutual gravitational attraction of all the matter slows the expansion to a stop. The universe will eventually start to contract in a big crunch. Friedman embraced the idea that the equation in Einstein’s theory of relativity shows a universe that is in motion, and not constant.* A flow chart to show and describe the transformation of radiation into matter which followed the â€Å"big bang†: * Einstein’s view of the connection between matter and energy: Association between  mass  (m) and  energy (E) in Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, complete by the formula E=  mc2, where  c  equals 300,000 km (186,000 miles) per second i. e. he  speed of light. In physical theories prior to that of  special relativity, mass and energy were seen as distinct entities. The energy of a body at rest cou ld be assigned an arbitrary value. In special relativity, the energy of a body at rest is determined to be  mc2. There for, each body of  rest mass  m  possesses  mc2  of â€Å"rest energy,† which potentially is available for conversion to other forms of energy. The mass-energy relation implies that if energy is released from the body as a result of such a conversion, then the rest mass of the body will decrease.Such a switch of rest energy to other forms of energy occurs in ordinary chemical reactions, but much larger conversions occur in  nuclear reactions. This is particularly true in the case of nuclear-fusion reactions that transform  hydrogen  to  helium, in which 0. 7 % of the original rest energy of the hydrogen is converted to other forms of energy. Although the  atomic bomb  proved that vast amounts of energy could be liberated from the  atom, it did not demonstrate the precision of Einstein’s equation. * Accretion of galaxies and st arsAfter a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, the Universe was cooled down and atoms were formed. As the Universe was further expanding and cooling, the atom particles lost kinetic energy and gravity began to attract them together forming regions of high mass density. The regions of high mass density began to attract nearby material and gain mass. This process is known as accretion. At some time or another, all matter in the universe formed discrete gas clouds known as protogalaxies. As further accretion occurred, galaxies were formed. Accretion also occurred inside galaxies, forming stars.As the average temperature of matter in the universe, then as the universe expands there is less hot matter such as stars and colder dark space/matter between it, so when you average things out, you get a lower temperature. * Relationship between the temperature of a star to the wavelength and color emitted from that star. Stars appear to be exclusively white at first glance. If we loo k carefully, we can see that there are a range of colors blue, white, red etc. stars are small blackbodies and their color variation is a direct consequence of their surface temperature.Cool stars radiate most of their energy in the red and infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and there for appear red, while hot stars emit mostly at blue and ultra-violet wavelengths, making them appear blue or white. To estimate the surface temperature of a star, we can use the known relationship between the temperature of a blackbody and the wavelength of light where its spectrum peaks. That is, as you increase the temperature of a blackbody, the peak of its spectrum moves to shorter bluer wavelengths of light.This simple method is conceptually correct, but it cannot be used to obtain stellar temperatures accurately, because stars are  not perfect blackbodies. The presence of various elements in the stars atmosphere will cause certain wavelengths of light to be absorbed. Because these absorption lines are not uniformly distributed over the spectrum, they can alter the position of the spectral peak. Moreover, obtaining a usable spectrum of a star is a time-intensive process and is prohibitively inefficient for large samples of stars. Propose an experiment that can be conducted at home to find the mathematical relationship between brightness to its luminosity and distance. Shine a clear 100 Watt light bulb through a square hole in a piece of paper and see how many squares it illuminates on a piece of grid paper as you move the grid paper different distances away from the hole. Throughout the experiment, keep the light bulb and the piece of paper with the hole in it exactly 10 cm apart while you move the grid paper progressively farther away.The experiment works best if you turn the light bulb so that the shadow it casts through the hole is as sharp as possible this will usually be when the filament is held perpendicular to the paper. 1. Place the grid paper right a gainst the square hole, so it is also 10 cm from the light bulb. The bulb should illuminate one square on your grid paper. Now move the grid paper 20 cm from the bulb and see how many squares are illuminated. Repeat this measurement for distances of 30 cm and 40 cm from the bulb. 2.At each successive distance tested above, determine how many times farther away the grid paper was from the light bulb than it was at the first distance 10 cm. 3. Throughout this experiment, the amount of light passing through the square hole has remained constant since the distance between the light bulb and the hole has not changed. Thus, if the light is spread out over N squares, then only 1/N as much light falls on each individual square on the grid paper. Determine what fraction of the light coming through the square hole falls on any one square on the grid paper at each of the distances you examined. . Examine your data for trends and relationships. * Hertzsprung Russell diagram: Average mass (the s un = 1) Average luminosity (the sun = 1) * Main Sequence: A main sequence star is not really a type of star but a period in a stars life. When a star is in main sequence it is converting hydrogen into energy. It is then usually called a dwarf star. This is the longest period in a stars lifetime. Our Sun is a yellow dwarf in main sequence. A main sequence star’s mass ranges from 0. 10 M/M to 60 M/M the luminosity can start at 0. 008 L/L and reach 500,000 L/L. their surface temperature which is measured in kalvins can reach from 3000 K to 38,000 K. Once a protostar starts burning hydrogen in its core, it quickly passes through the T-Tauri stage (in a few million years) and becomes a main sequence star where its total mass determines all its structural properties. The three divisions in a stellar interior are the nuclear burning core, convective zone and radioactive zone. Energy, in the form of gamma-rays, is generated solely in the nuclear burning core.Energy is transferred tow ards the surface either in a radioactive manner or convection depending on which is more efficient at the temperatures, densities and opacities. Red Giants: Towards the end of a  star’s life, the temperature near the core rises and this causes the size of the star to expand. This is known to transform a main sequence star into a â€Å"Red Giant†. The average mass of a Red Giant is around 0. 4 to 0. 9 Betelgeuse is a red giant, it is 20 times bigger than the sun about 14,000 times brighter and its surface temperature is no more than 6,500 K.A stars evolution after the red giant phase depends on its mass. For stars greater than 1 solar mass, but less than 2 solar masses, the hydrogen burning shell eats its way outward leaving behind more helium ash. As the helium piles up, the core becomes more massive and contracts. The contraction heats the core as it becomes more dense. * White Dwarfs: Stars that have a lot of mass may end their lives as black holes neutron stars. A low or medium mass star, with a mass less than about 8 times the mass of our Sun will become a white dwarf.A typical white dwarf is about as massive as the Sun, yet only slightly bigger than the Earth. This makes white dwarfs one of the densest forms of matter, surpassed only by neutron stars and black holes. The average mass of a White Dwarf ranges from 1. 1 to 1. 7, the luminosity ranges from 1. 2 to 6. White dwarfs are quite common, being found in binary systems and in  clusters. Since they are remnants of stars born in the past, their numbers build up in the Galaxy over time. It is only because they are so faint that we fail to detect any except for the very closest ones. * Neutron star:A neutron star is a very small, super-dense star which is composed mostly of tightly-packed  neutrons. It has a thin atmosphere of  hydrogen. It has a diameter of about 5-10 miles (5-16 km) and a density of roughly 10  15  gm/cm3. Its mass is between 1 and 2 solar masses. * Proton â⠂¬â€œ Proton Cycle   and carbon cycle Proton-proton cycle,  also called  Proton-proton Reaction,  chain of  reactions that is the chief source of the energy radiated by the  Sun  and other cool main-sequence  stars. Another sequence of thermonuclear reactions, called the carbon cycle, provides much of the energy released by hotter stars.In a proton-proton cycle, four  hydrogen  nuclei (protons) are combined to form one  helium  nucleus; 0. 7 percent of the original mass is lost mainly by conversion into  heat energy, but some energy escapes in the form of  neutrinos  (? ). First, two hydrogen nuclei (1H) combine to form a hydrogen-2 nucleus (2H, deuterium) with the emission of a  positive electron  (e+, positron) and a neutrino (? ). The hydrogen-2 nucleus then rapidly captures another proton to form a helium-3 nucleus (3He), while emitting a  gamma ray  (? ). In symbols:

Sedentism, Community-Building, Began 12,000 Years Ago

Sedentism, Community-Building, Began 12,000 Years Ago Sedentism refers to the decision made first by humans at least 12,000 years ago to start living in groups for long periods of time. Settling down, picking a place and living in it permanently for at least part of the year, is partially but not entirely related to how a group gets required resources. This includes gathering and growing food, stone for tools, and wood for housing and fires. Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers In the 19th century, anthropologists defined two different lifeways for people beginning in the Upper Paleolithic period. The earliest lifeway, called hunting and gathering, describes people who were highly mobile, following herds of animals like bison and reindeer, or moving with normal seasonal climatic changes to collect plant foods as they ripened. By the Neolithic period, so the theory went, people domesticated plants and animals, necessitating permanent settlement to maintain their fields. However, extensive research since then suggests that sedentism and mobility - and hunter-gatherers and farmers - were not separate lifeways but rather two ends of a continuum that the groups modified as circumstances required. Since the 1970s, anthropologists use the term complex hunter-gatherers to refer to hunter-gatherers who have some elements of complexity, including permanent or semi-permanent residences. But even that doesnt encompass the variability that is now apparent: in the past, people changed how mobile their lifestyles were depending on circumstances, sometimes due to climatic changes, but for a range of reasons, from year to year and decade to decade. What Makes a Settlement Permanent? Identifying communities as permanent ones is somewhat difficult. Houses are older than sedentism. Residences such as brushwood huts at Ohalo II in Israel and mammoth bone dwellings in Eurasia occurred as early as 20,000 years ago. Houses made of animal skin, called tipis or yurts, were the homestyle of choice for mobile hunter-gatherers throughout the world for an unknown period of time before that. The earliest permanent structures, made from stone and fired brick, were apparently public structures rather than residences, ritual places shared by a mobile community. Examples include the monumental structures of Gobekli Tepe, the tower at Jericho, and the communal buildings at other early sites such as Jerf el Ahmar and Mureybet, all in the Levant region of Eurasia. Some of the traditional features of sedentism are residential areas where houses were built close to one another, large-scale food storage and cemeteries, permanent architecture, increased population levels, non-transportable toolkits (such as massive grinding stones), agricultural structures such as terraces and dams, animal pens, pottery, metals, calendars, record-keeping, slavery, and feasting. But all of these features are related to the development of prestige economies, rather than sedentism, and most developed in some form prior to permanent year-round sedentism. Natufians and Sedentism The earliest potentially sedentary society on our planet was the Mesolithic Natufian, located in the Near East between 13,000 and 10,500 years ago (BP). However, much debate exists about their degree of sedentism. Natufians were more or less egalitarian hunter-gatherers whose social governance shifted as they shifted their economic structure. By about 10,500 BP, the Natufians developed into what archaeologists call Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic as they increased in population and reliance on domesticated plants and animals and began living in at least partially year-round villages. These processes were slow, over periods of thousands of years and intermittent fits and starts. Sedentism arose, quite independently, in other areas of our planet at different times. But like the Natufians, societies in places such as Neolithic China, South Americas Caral-Supe, the North American Pueblo societies, and the precursors to the Maya at Ceibal all changed slowly and at different rates over a long period of time. Sources Asouti, Eleni. A Contextual Approach to the Emergence of Agriculture in Southwest Asia: Reconstructing Early Neolithic Plant-Food Production. Current Anthropology, Dorian Q. Fuller, Vol. 54, No. 3, The University of Chicago Press Journals, June 2013. Finlayson, Bill. Architecture, sedentism, and social complexity at Pre-Pottery Neolithic A WF16, Southern Jordan. Steven J. Mithen, Mohammad Najjar, Sam Smith, Darko MariÄ ević, Nick Pankhurst, Lisa Yeomans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 17, 2011.   Inomata, Takeshi. Development of sedentary communities in the Maya lowlands: Coexisting mobile groups and public ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. Jessica MacLellan, Daniela Triadan, Jessica Munson, Melissa Burham, Kazuo Aoyama, Hiroo Nasu, Flory Pinzà ³n, Hitoshi Yonenobu, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, April 7, 2015. Railey, Jim A. Reduced Mobility or the Bow and Arrow? Another Look at Expedient Technologies and Sedentism. Volume 75, Issue 2, American Antiquity, January 20, 2017. Reed, Paul F. Sedentism, Social Change, Warfare, and the Bow in the Ancient Pueblo Southwest. Phil R. Geib, Wiley Online Library, June 17, 2013. Rosen, Arlene M. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. Isabel Rivera-Collazo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 6, 2012.

Punctuation Marks in the English Writing Research Paper

Punctuation Marks in the English Writing - Research Paper Example Introduction More and more users of English are joining this language community worldwide, as globalization increases. A common language to use in communication across the globe is necessary: electronic technology allows people to reach anyone, from anywhere in the world, so communication has to take place in a common language, if the advantages of instant access and wide connectivity are to be realized. The structure, syntax and construction of English have been, throughout its history, adaptable. From its earliest documentation, by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, to its latest uses in text-messaging and social website writing, this language has changed. These changes have often been visible in the words used, the structure of sentences, the positions of parts of speech in expressed sentences, and in the punctuation marks used in writing. Punctuation is defined in the Encyclopedia Britannica as â€Å"The use of spacing, conventional signs, and certain typographical devices as aid s to the understanding and correct reading, both silently and aloud, of handwritten and printed texts.† Many say that punctuation is necessary to â€Å"clarify meaning† and that its misuse â€Å"appears to reflect wider social decline† (Hitchings, 2011, web page), and hence it needs to remain traditional. But clear and accurate meaning is important in any written communication, and changing a language for the sake of change is not wise. Still, there seems to be room for change in the punctuation of English. Thesis Statement This essay will focus on the question of why we use punctuation marks in English writing. To explore this question, the flowing ideas will form the structure of the discussion: The historical development of punctuation marks in language, with specific focus on English The current use of punctuation marks in English, and how this is changing The continued need for accurate use of punctuation, to ensure clear communication Background – Th e Historical Development of Punctuation in Written Language Earliest Forms In classical times, the Greeks and then the Romans used punctuation to indicate to speakers when and for how long they had to pause in their speech. These symbols were eventually named after the pauses they represented, so that a period came to show the longest pause, when a speaker had reached the end of a complete idea; the comma indicated a short pause, for breathing or effect; and a colon indicated that a clause, or a sub-idea, had ended (Nordquist, 2011, web page). Nordquist cites W.F. Bolton (A Living Language, 1988), who suggests that these punctuation marks came to assist speakers in planning the pace, emphasis and elocution of a speech. The Vulgate Bible, for example, allowed St. Jerome to begin to standardize the use of punctuation – he used the period to show when a passage should be read in one breath – from period to period – rather than to end an idea (Crandall, 2008, web pa ge). From the Fifth to the Twelfth Centuries, punctuation continued to determine the reading style of a passage, rather than any syntactical structure, even

Industrial Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial Property Rights - Essay Example The first software patent ever granted is probably a patent for a "computer having slow and quick access storage, when programmed to solve a linear programming problem by an iterative algorithm, the iterative algorithm being such that (...)" applied for in 1962 by British Petroleum Company . The patent relates to solving simultaneous linear equations. The USPTO has traditionally not considered software to be patentable because by statute patents can only be granted to "processes, machines, articles of manufacture, and compositions of matter". In particular patents cannot be granted to "scientific truths" or "mathematical expressions" of them. This means that most of the fundamental techniques of software engineering have never been patented. The USPTO maintained this position, that software was in effect a mathematical algorithm, and therefore not patentable into the 1980's. The position of the USPTO was challenged with a landmark 1981 Supreme Court Case, Diamond v. Diehr. The case involved a device that used computer software to ensure the correct timing when heating, or curing, rubber. Although the software was the integral part of the device, it also had other functions that related to real world manipulation. The court then ruled that as a device to mold rubber, it was a patentable object. The court essentially ruled that while algorithms themselves could not be patented, devices that utilized them could. This ruling wasn't as straightforward as many would have liked, forcing many electronic device makers into the courts to establish that their inventions were in fact patentable. Due to different treatment of federal patent rights in different parts of the country, in 1982 the U.S. Congress created a new court (the Federal Circuit) to hear patent cases. The new circuit rejected rulings from some parts of the country, and nationalized others. For example, the court made patents generally easier to uphold by presuming patents were valid unless proven invalid and weakening the defense of non-obviousness. This court allowed issues, such as patentability of software, to be treated uniformly throughout the US. Due to a few landmark cases in this court, by the early 1990s the patentability of software was well established, and in 1996 the USPTO issued Final Computer Related Examination Guidelines. See Software Patents under United States patent law. Also in 1998, the U.S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in the case of State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc. (1998), upheld as valid a patent directed to a computer-implemented business method designed to perform financial calculations and data processing for mutual fund investments. This case was important because prior to this decision, it was widely believed that business methods and systems were not patentable. The State Street case made clear that business methods were to be evaluated in the same manner as any other type of process. In 2000, the JPO followed suit and revised its Guidelines to allow for the patenting of computer-implemented business methods when there is clear "involvement of inventive step." Europe The European Patent Convention (EPC) serves as the basis for a harmonized system of patent protection for all members of the European Union. European patents have the same effect as patents granted by each nation under its own national patent laws. Article 52(1) of

Popular culture

Popular culture What is popular culture? Introduction (John Storey, 2006, p.1) â€Å"popular culture is always defined, implicitly or explicitly, in contrast to other conceptual categories: folk culture, mass culture, dominant culture†. â€Å"Popular† and â€Å"Culture† Before we look into more depth about the term ‘popular culture we must first determine what it actually means. Firstly to break the term down, Raymond Williams says culture is â€Å"one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language† (cited storey 2006). To understand what William means we will take a look at his definitions. William refers to culture in three ways, firstly he states culture could be seen as â€Å"a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development†.   The examples storey gives are â€Å"great philosophers, great artists and great poets† which noticeably the word great is used giving a sense of high culture. Secondly â€Å"a particular way of life, whether a people, a period or a group† (ibid). - Popular Culture Now we have determined what the terms popular and culture mean we can now look at the word as a whole. Storey states that Popular culture â€Å"is the culture that is left over after we have decided what is high culture† (Storey 2009, p. 6). Popular culture is therefore seen as â€Å"inferior culture† or ‘low culture (ibid). When you think about popular culture in this way there comes a problem, who determines which category it falls into. Storey states â€Å"to be real culture, it has to be difficult† therefore creating a division to who can and who can not. Pierre Bourdieu argues that â€Å"cultural distinctions of this kind are often used to support class distinctions. Taste is a deeply ideological category: it functions as a marker of class† (Bourdieu 1984).   Popular culture is often taken from culture, diluted and then distributed to the masses for personal gain. Sub cultures are created to help a group of people who feel left out from society, find there place. When looking at sub cultures, they are often associated with the youth of society. It could be argued that sub cultures are made possible because the youth within society have much more leisure time. (Lifestyle) The reason for this is said to be because of the generation gap. Some sub cultures create a moral panic because it challenges the norm and goes against how the people should think and what they should be doing. In doing so they create there ideology according to how they feel about society which is often opposed to the elite. If this is the case then it suggests a political dimension to what popular culture is so therefore it is not just about leisure or entertainment. Popular culture and the mass media go hand in hand because the media creates a distorted image of how the world is and the masses are said to passively consume it. Popular culture is also argued to divert people away from what is important which is said to be beneficiary for the elite, an example of this is capitalism. (Storey 2006) Ideology conceals the reality of domination from those in power: the dominant class dont see themselves as exploiter or oppressors†. More importantly though it works in favour of the elite as Storey states â€Å"Ideology conceals the reality of subordination from those who are powerless: the subordinate class dont see themselves as exploited or oppressed†. One of the most significant ideological practices in recent years has been the categorical dividing of what is popular and what is classical. Storey states â€Å"the division between high and popular culture†¦is absolutely clear†¦and transhistorical-fixed for all time.† Up until recent years the divions of the two were quite prominent but with groups like Escala (who were on Britains got talent) the divide becomes blurry. Groups like Escala play classical music in a different way to the norm but which is still classical and since they were on a popular show they made classical music popular. But that does not mean it will stay that way because if you look at some of the Cds they are bringing out for classical music now with such titles as â€Å"Pure Classical† which may seem innocent but could be argued that the elite are trying to police the boundaries. The real question what has been discussed is, value. As we have look in the first part of this essay, culture is not a fixed thing, it changes over time. A prime example of this would be opera. It started off for working class people but over time soon change and now is for the elite in society. If you were to look at the price it started off at it was only a few pennies but now the price of a ticket is quite high which therefore excludes people from taking part. Another example of this would be of you were to take a look at Pavarotti who had top selling albums and chart toppers, who then went to put on a performance in Hyde park for free and a woman attending give a comment to say â€Å"I cant afford to go to the posh opera houses and folk out  £100 for a ticket†. Yet again you could see some of the elite trying to police the boundaries by giving bad reviews saying â€Å"the park is no place for opera†. When you take that review and think about what they are really mean, they are saying it should stay in the opera hous e and keep its exclusiveness. Ideologies gain persuasive powers to either directly or indirectly influence the way people live, how they behave and how they relate to each other. Ideology can be understood by a set of values and ideas that a certain group shares.

Advantage of Taking a Stress Management Class Essay

Unfortunately, stress is a very normal part of everyday life for most of us. Stress can both be positive and negative. Leaving negative stress to chance, you will encounter serious health problems. Although stress is commonplace, it is far from healthy. Stress management professionals in the industry will recommend stress management classes as a means to better health and wellbeing. Stress management classes are available through employers and health care professionals. These sessions will help you to identify the factors that are causing the stress and help you make good lifestyle choices to reduce stress in the future. The larger companies are realizing that assisting employees to cope with stress will not only result in better health and emotional wellness for the staff; it will also improve the bottom line as well. These stress management classes are offered in multiple formats; from formal lectures by authorities in the field, to weekly training sessions that teach skills like meditation and biofeedback. Studies of these seminars show a marked improvement in employees’ stress symptoms after eight weeks of training. Less stress means higher production for employers, so it becomes a win-win situation for many companies. Individual Stress Management Classes There is several ways to access stress management classes for everyone. Do not think that stay at home mom doesn’t have stress. There are other opportunities for stress management classes. A good resource to begin with is your primary care provider. You can also check books and websites for information regarding stress management classes. Advantages of taking a class are that you will learn to spot the sources of your stress in order to take control of them more effectively. Stress management classes will teach you coping skills such as relaxation techniques and exercises specifically targeted at tension. You will also have the chance to meet others who are facing similar hurdles in their own lives, and build a support network with others who are sharing like burdens. Negative stress can take away your emotional wellbeing and at the same time contribute to general poor health. Therefore, stress management classes can help you identify the source of your stress, learn how to gain control over them, and educate you to reduce your stress symptoms. When feeling the results of constant stress, contact your nearest health provider to find out about a stress management class for you. Many people don’t think about stress management unless they’re already on the verge of burnout. With our busy lives, it doesn’t always seem obviously important to take on the practice of stress management before a worn-out body or an overly taxed psyche force the issue. However, developing healthy stress relieving habits really do pay off in the long run. Not only does a regular stress management practice stave off the negative effects of stress, but it can also bring positive outcomes like increased productivity, better health and more happiness in general. The following are some reasons why: †¢ Your Health: Excessive stress really can lead to poor health outcomes, from relatively minor things like headaches and digestion problems in the short run to major conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke after years of unmanaged stress. (Here’s a more complete list of stress related health problems, and a more detailed description of how stress affects your health.) †¢ Your Looks: Many stress relievers can also make you healthier and even more attractive. For example, taking care of your body by getting enough sleep can make you more productive and healthier, and can help you better manage stress, as well as staving off dark circles under the eyes and a poor complexion. Also, eating right can keep your blood sugar levels even, keeping your emotions in check and making you more resilient to stress, as well as helping you stay in your ‘skinny jeans’ or favorite tee-shirts from college. Getting regular exercise can help you blow off steam when you’re frustrated and keep your body fit and toned. †¢ Increased Productivity: Simply put, when you’re not stressed, you can be more productive because you’re more focused. Therefore, it really pays to keep stress to a minimum. Certain stress relief habits naturally make you more productive. Power napping, for example, can help you catch up on sleep and be more focused and productive, making less sleep stretch further. Being organized can also help you save time and money in the long run, reducing stress and helping you to be more productive in virtually every area of your life. Even limiting caffeine can help, improving your sleep and helping you feel less stressed at the end of the day. Finally, having the right attitude is actually a habit that can be learned. Being an optimist can benefit you in many areas of your life, helping you let failures roll off your back and actually enabling you to achieve more! (Think you’re already an optimist? You may be surprised. Take this quiz to find out for sure, and dis cover the secrets of optimistic thinking.) †¢ Your Happiness: Some stress relief practices just bring more joy. If you want to enjoy life more, you’ll want to adopt some of these stress relievers, and the fun will come more easily. Caring for pets, enjoying music, dancing while you clean, working more laughter into your life, maintaining a supportive circle of friends, and even having sex are all fun activities that double as great stress relievers for various reasons. Read more about them and how they can help you, and remind yourself that you’re never too busy to include these activities in your lifestyle—they’re stress management techniques! †¢ Your Stress Levels—Of Course!: The desire to avoid walking around feeling stressed-out is, in itself, a good reason to bone up on stress management. Certain general techniques that primarily just relieve stress (rather than serving some secondary function) are more than worth adopting because, when you’re less stressed, you enjoy life more. Some of the best stress management techniques available include , and good old [link url=/od/breathingexercises/ht/breathing_ex.htm]breathing exercises. Read more about the benefits of each, and choose a few to try, and you won’t have to let stress sap you of energy, productivity and enjoyment of life again! Putting in the effort to learn effective strategies for stress relief and low-stress living will pay off in the long run. Because of this, stress management is among the most important subjects to learn! Ideally, stress management needs to begin when we’re young so that we don’t have battered, scarred trunks when we reach mid life and beyond. But, the reality is, most of us never consider stress as damaging †¦until we’ve been reacting to it for a long time. The good news about our amazing bodies is that once we identify the stressors and make some definite life style changes, we can often reverse a lot of the damage. Sort of like being able to get some wood filler, apply it to the nicks on the tree trunk, then sand it down to recreate a smooth finish on your trunk. Stress management can really promote better health. What are some of the benefits of stress reduction? 1. Better immune function 2. Less illnesses and physical complaints 3. More energy 4. Feeling more relaxed 5. Sleeping better 6. Better digestion 7. Calmer mood 8. More focused, more positive 9.   Case Example: Elaine A housewife named Elaine suffered from dreadful panic attacks. She would be in a state of great agitation. She was sure she was having a heart attack, terrified she would die, despite the fact that she had no heart disease and was just 45 years old. Twice she rushed to the emergency room for help. She was suffering acute chest pain, sweating profusely and nauseated. Her heart was pounding, her breathing was shallow and rapid, her hands shook and she had diarrhoea. Real symptoms. The emergency room medics examined her carefully and told her she was reacting to stress and suggested she see her family doctor. Her family doctor checked Elaine over, sent her for a series of tests to rule out disease and prescribed . . . exercise. Whenever she felt acute anxiety symptoms, she was to jog or run or get on her exercise bike until the attack passed. His notion was that to get rid of the bad chemicals, it was imperative to replace them with good chemicals. After a few weeks of doing that †¦it worked. She was able to control the panic and anxiety with exercise. With a lot of practice, she also learned to do relaxation techniques and deep breathing so that Elaine can take control of anxiety whenever she feels over-whelmed at times when she’s unable to exercise. No pills or magic, just using the body and mind to cure itself. Case example 2 Allen was a firefighter for many years. When he had been to a fire, he would come back to the fire station all keyed up and be unable to relax. The adrenalin he needed to fight the fire was still pumping – hours after he was out of the â€Å"fight† mode. The â€Å"tiger† was gone yet seeing flames destroy people’s property bothered him emotionally. When people were hurt or died in the fires, he was even more keyed up and anxious. He felt sad. Soon he had high blood pressure and was prescribed medication. Realizing he had to take action, try to reverse what he was feeling, he started running on the tread milling once he got back from a fire. His family had a history of heart disease, he was determined not to sick. He gets on the treadmill for 30 – 45 minutes while watching TV or listening to relaxing music. He also learned to meditate which took weeks to master. He does tai chi several days weekly. Within just 4 month his blood pressure was under control and he was able to come off the medication. He actively changed his bad stress chemicals to good stress chemicals. A Stress Management Seminar for understanding and Coping with Stress The length of a stress management seminar may vary from several days to some being only half a day. The stress management seminar may be presented by experts ranging from psychologists to scientist and professionals from other diverse fields. With the promise of change and challenge in our growing markets a stress management seminar may provide some answers for people to try and cope with the growing strain put on their lives. Stress may be a life threatening factor for one man and a life enhancing one for another. The stress management seminar can prove to be pivotal in comprehending many apparently paradoxical observations and realize that the difference between negative and positive stress may lie in the perception and handling of stress as well as how best to cope with it. What vital information can be learnt at a Stress Management Seminar? Just some of the keynote presentations that are dealt with at a stress management seminar; †¢ Self-assessment of stress â€Å"triggers† †¢ Four factors of stress mediation †¢ The power of re-frame and focus †¢ The productive and proper use of W.I.I.F.M strategy. †¢ How to do more with less †¢ Circles of destiny †¢ How to master an action grid †¢ Network strength and organizational alignment. Of course, there are many different stress management seminars available and one should choose a seminar that helps participants in identifying the causes of stress as well as enable them to have effective tools to avoid as well as reduce and manage stress, both on and off the job. Some stress management seminars would include written individual as well as group exercises, group discussions and group activities as well as business simulations to make the learning process more effective. Different themes that are presented at the stress management seminar may include; †¢ getting the most from one’s work †¢ Knowing how stress drains the value from one’s life †¢ Nature as well as causes and effects of stress †¢ An attendee’s personal stress profile †¢ Rational as well as irrational thinking and behavior †¢ Effects of positive as well as negative thinking and much, much more. The kind of people who would normally attend a stress management seminar may include executive team members, managers or employees of different persuasion. Some stress management seminars may be customized for group or even firm requirements. Many seminars have also been changed to suit the skills level the company.